O "Heart Team" para transplante cardíaco: organização e funcionamento / The \"Heart Team\" for heart transplantation: organization and operation

O transplante cardíaco é reconhecido como o melhor tratamentopara a insuficiência cardíaca refratária. O Brasil tem um grandepotencial de aumento do número de transplantes, já que atualmenteo aproveitamento dos potenciais doadores é muito baixo. Os pioresresultados do transplante aqui, quando comparados aos dadosinternacionais, decorrem, em parte, da associação de doadorespior cuidados e receptores mais graves, com limitação de acessoaos dispositivos de assistência circulatória. O desenvolvimento decentros transplantadores capazes de melhorar a condição clínicados receptores e de criar condições para aumentar a efetivaçãodos doadores pode ter um impacto positivo no número e nosresultados dos transplantes. A organização do Heart Team, umaequipe multidisciplinar envolvendo profissionais com funçõescomplementares, é essencial para o aprimoramento não só do cuidadoao receptor, mas também de todo o processo envolvido no transplantecardíaco, incluindo a captação de órgãos. A equipe deve ser compostapor cardiologistas clínicos e cirurgiões cardiovasculares dedicadosao transplante cardíaco, outros especialistas (como intensivistas,infectologistas e patologistas) fundamentais no cuidado do receptor,enfermeiros e biomédicos envolvidos na avaliação e cuidado dosdoadores e na captação do órgão, enfermeiros dedicados à assistênciados receptores e uma equipe multidisciplinar envolvida em todo oprocesso, desde a avaliação do paciente com insuficiência cardíacarefratária, potencial candidato ao transplante, até o seguimento esuporte do transplantado cardíaco e seus familiares. Esta abordagemcompleta e harmoniosa que o Heart Team possibilita é certamente ocaminho para o crescimento do transplante cardíaco no Brasil.

Heart transplant is recognized as the treatment of choice forrefractory heart failure. Brazil has a great potential to increase thenumber of heart transplants, as the use of potential donors is nowtoo low. The worst results of heart transplants in Brazil, comparedwith international data, may be, in part, due to the association ofpoor care of donors and poor conditions of recipients, with limitedaccess to circulatory assistance devices. The development of hearttransplant centers capable of improving the clinical conditions ofthe recipients and creating ways to increase the use of donors mayhave a positive impact in the number and results of transplants. Theorganization of a “Heart Team”, a multidisciplinary team evolvingprofessionals with complementary functions, is essential not only toimprove the care of recipients, but also to improve the whole processof heart transplant, including organ harvesting. The team must becomposed of cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons dedicated toheart transplant, other specialists (such as intensivists, infectologistsand pathologists) who have a crucial role in the care of recipients;nurses and biomedicals evolved in the evaluation and care of donorsand in organ harvesting; nurses dedicated in recipients assistanceand a multidisciplinary team evolved in the whole process, sincethe evaluation of the patient with refractory heart failure, a potentialcandidate for heart transplant, up to the follow-up and support ofheart transplanted patients and their families. This complete andharmonious approach that “Heart Team” enables is certainly theway to improve heart transplant in Brazil.

NHETS - Estudo de Necrópsias de Pacientes Submetidos a Transplante Cardíaco / NHETS ? Necropsy Heart Transplantation Study

Fundamento: Discordâncias entre diagnóstico pre e post-mortem são relatadas na literatura, podendo variar de 4,1 a 49,8% dentre os casos encaminhados para exame necroscópico, com importante repercussão no tratamento dos pacientes. Objetivo: Analisar pacientes com óbito após o transplante cardíaco e confrontar os diagnósticos pre e post-mortem. Métodos: Por meio da revisão de prontuários, foram analisados dados clínicos, presença de comorbidades, esquema de imunossupressão, exames laboratoriais, causa clínica do óbito e causa do óbito à necrópsia. Foram confrontadas, então, a causa clínica e a causa necroscópica do óbito de cada paciente. Resultados: Foram analisados 48 óbitos submetidos à necrópsia no período de 2000 a 2010; 29 (60,4%) tiveram diagnósticos clínico e necroscópico concordantes, 16 (33,3%) tiveram diagnósticos discordantes e três (6,3%) tiveram diagnóstico não esclarecido. Entre os discordantes, 15 (31,3%) apresentaram possível impacto na sobrevida e um (2,1%) não apresentou impacto na sobrevida. O principal diagnóstico clínico feito equivocadamente foi o de infecção, com cinco casos (26,7% dos discordantes), seguido por rejeição hiperaguda, com quatro casos (20% dos discordantes), e tromboembolismo pulmonar, com três casos (13,3% dos discordantes). Conclusão: Discordâncias entre o diagnóstico clínico e achados da necrópsia são comumente encontradas no transplante cardíaco. Novas estratégias no aperfeiçoamento do diagnóstico clínico devem ser introduzidas, considerando-se os resultados da necrópsia para melhoria do tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca por meio do transplante cardíaco. .

Background: Discrepancies between pre and post-mortem diagnoses are reported in the literature, ranging from 4.1 to 49.8 % in cases referred for necropsy, with important impact on patient treatment. Objective: To analyze patients who died after cardiac transplantation and to compare the pre- and post-mortem diagnoses. Methods: Perform a review of medical records and analyze clinical data, comorbidities, immunosuppression regimen, laboratory tests, clinical cause of death and cause of death at the necropsy. Then, the clinical and necroscopic causes of death of each patient were compared. Results: 48 deaths undergoing necropsy were analyzed during 2000-2010; 29 (60.4 %) had concordant clinical and necroscopic diagnoses, 16 (33.3%) had discordant diagnoses and three (6.3%) had unclear diagnoses. Among the discordant ones, 15 (31.3%) had possible impact on survival and one (2.1%) had no impact on survival. The main clinical misdiagnosis was infection, with five cases (26.7 % of discordant), followed by hyperacute rejection, with four cases (20 % of the discordant ones), and pulmonary thromboembolism, with three cases (13.3% of discordant ones). Conclusion: Discrepancies between clinical diagnosis and necroscopic findings are commonly found in cardiac transplantation. New strategies to improve clinical diagnosis should be made, considering the results of the necropsy, to improve the treatment of heart failure by heart transplantation. .

NHETS - Necropsy Heart Transplantation Study.

BACKGROUND: Discrepancies between pre and post-mortem diagnoses are reported in the literature, ranging from 4.1 to 49.8 % in cases referred for necropsy, with important impact on patient treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze patients who died after cardiac transplantation and to compare the pre- and post-mortem diagnoses. METHODS: Perform a review of medical records and analyze clinical data, comorbidities, immunosuppression regimen, laboratory tests, clinical cause of death and cause of death at the necropsy. Then, the clinical and necroscopic causes of death of each patient were compared. RESULTS: 48 deaths undergoing necropsy were analyzed during 2000-2010; 29 (60.4 %) had concordant clinical and necroscopic diagnoses, 16 (33.3%) had discordant diagnoses and three (6.3%) had unclear diagnoses. Among the discordant ones, 15 (31.3%) had possible impact on survival and one (2.1%) had no impact on survival. The main clinical misdiagnosis was infection, with five cases (26.7 % of discordant), followed by hyperacute rejection, with four cases (20 % of the discordant ones), and pulmonary thromboembolism, with three cases (13.3% of discordant ones). CONCLUSION: Discrepancies between clinical diagnosis and necroscopic findings are commonly found in cardiac transplantation. New strategies to improve clinical diagnosis should be made, considering the results of the necropsy, to improve the treatment of heart failure by heart transplantation.